Alexander Hamilton Was The First U.s. Secretary Of The...

Alexander Hamilton was the first U.S. secretary of the Treasury. He was involved in developing the Federalists, the nation’s first political party. He was born on Jan. 11, 1755 on the island of Nevis in the British West Indies. Hamilton was the illegitimate son of a Scottish merchant named James Hamilton, and the daughter of a French Huguenot physician, Rachel Fawcett Lavien. Hamilton began working when he was 12 years old as a clerk in a trading firm located in St. Croix. His father had business failures which resulted in a bankruptcy and his mother had passed away. When he was 15 years old he was left in charge of the business. He left this job in 1772 to attend school at the encouragement of his employers. With the help of his employers he went to school at an academy in New Jersey, and after that he enrolled in King’s College in New York City. He left college without graduating in 1776. The American Revolution of 1776 offered Hamilton the opportunity to become captain of a company of artillery. He became a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army and an aide-de-camp to George Washington, a commanding general. Hamilton made no military decisions, but he was sent on important military missions and he drafted letters to Army officers, Congress and the states. He also drafted reports on reorganizing and reforming the army. Hamilton still found time to read and to express his ideas about the economic policy in newspaper articles and he wrote letters to public figures ofShow MoreRelatedAlexander Hamilton990 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander Hamilton When producing something as important as the document outlining an entire nation’s culture, it is helpful to have inventive and innovative thinkers; however, it is necessary to have leaders with experience and knowledge. The United States needed a strong leader who stood for his beliefs and could execute them to their full potential. When Alexander Hamilton entered Independence Hall on May 14, 1787, that was exactly what he was willing to do for his country. He helped withRead MoreAlexander Hamilton: A Biography672 Words   |  3 PagesAlexander Hamilton Alexander Hamiltons humble beginnings gave little hint of the greatness to come for the future soldier, economist, first United States Secretary of the Treasury, politician, renowned constitutional lawyer and Founding Father. Hamilton was born a British subject on the island of Nevis, West Indies on January 11th in either 1755 or 1757. Hamiltons childhood was difficult, as business failures caused his fathers bankruptcy, and may have played a role the fathers abandoning hisRead MoreWhy Didn t Hamilton And Jefferson Get Along?1197 Words   |  5 PagesWhy couldn’t Hamilton and Jefferson get along? Alexander Hamilton was born on January 11, 1775 in Nevis, British West Indies and Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, Shadwell, VA. They both grew up on plantations and had families and siblings. However, Jefferson had nine siblings while Hamilton only had his younger brother James A. Hamilton. The two men had a great adoration for reading and were brilliant. They were phenomenal writers and had many famous works. They were bothRead MoreAlexander Hamilton ( 1755-1804 )860 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander Hamilton (1755-1804). Born 1755 in the British West Indies In 1774, he wrote his first political article defending the Patriots cause against the interests of pro-British Loyalists.In 1775, at the beginning of the Revolutionary War Hamilton became part of the New York Provincial Artillery Company and fought in the battles of Long Island, White Plains and Trenton.In the year of 1777, Hamilton became General George Washington s official assistant. In 1781 George Wa shington s granted HamiltonRead MoreEssay on Biography of Alexander Hamilton 1054 Words   |  5 PagesBiography of Alexander Hamilton Summary Alexander Hamilton was most likely born on January 11, 1757, although the exact year of his birth is unknown. Hamilton was born on theRead MoreThe Ten Dollar Bill1990 Words   |  8 Pagesrecent change to the U. S’s twenty-dollar bill. In April of 2016, Treasury Secretary Jacob J. Lew announced future design changes to U.S currency, specifically the ten-dollar bill. There was speculation that Harriet Tubman was going to replace Alexander Hamilton on the ten-dollar bill, but after a period of debating, it was decided that Harriet Tubman will be added to U.S currency, just not the ten-dollar bill. Alexander Hamilton will stay on the ten-dollar bill and Harriet Tubman will be replacingRead MoreThematic Essay on George Washington958 Words   |  4 Pages election. John Adams was elected vice president. Washington took the oath of office as the first President under the Constitution for the United States of America on April 30, 1789, at Federal Hall. At first, he had not wanted the position. Washington proved himself to be an able administrator. An excellent delegator and judge of talent and character, he held regular cabinet meetings to debate issues before making a final decision. In handling routine tasks, he was systematic, orderlyRead MoreAlexander Hamilton And Thomas Jefferson819 Words   |  4 Pages Alexander Hamilton was born on January 11, 1755 in Nevis, British West Indies and Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, Shadwell, VA. They both grew up on plantations and had families and siblings. However, Jefferson had nine siblings while Hamilton only had his younger brother James A. Hamilton. The two men had a great adoration for reading and were brilliant. They were phenomenal writers and had many famous works. They were both founding fathers and were part of Washington’s first cabinetRead MoreThe Accomplishments Of Alexander Hamilton1188 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander Hamilton was one of the youngest founding fathers. He was the chief staff aide to George Washington. In his early life, he was born in the West Indies. Alexander had a lot of family problems between his father and mother and had a rough childhood. He wanted to make a change and start his life in a better di rection, so he got his first job at the age of 11 as an accounting clerk. He very quickly impressed his employer by his knowledge of international commerce and how to handle money. AtRead MoreJefferson Vs Hamilton Vs. Hamilton999 Words   |  4 PagesJefferson vs. Hamilton Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton lived in a time where things in the United States were not extremely stable, and the Declaration of Independence was yet to be set in stone. Jefferson and Hamilton had two separate and different lifestyles and views of the government. Jefferson was born approximately 12 years earlier than Hamilton, on April 13, 1743 in the English Colony of Virginia. Since his father was wealthy, Jefferson received the best education possible and had

The Worst Loneliness Is Not Be Comfortable With Yourself,...

Essay #2: Controversy Analysis â€Å"The worst loneliness is to not be comfortable with yourself,† Mark Twain claims in Huckleberry Finn. Sometimes low self-esteem leads to bigger problems with your surroundings. Unhealthy relationships with your partner, as in case of â€Å"Fear Itself† are common. This type of relationship often leads to domestic violence, substance abuse, depression, anxiety and even suicide. Coyle’s short story â€Å"Fear itself† shows the relationship between a girl called Kara and a wax figure of a president. Kara’s relationship throughout the story all fail to make the girl really happy, and despite this fact, she doesn’t try to change it. Kara believes her unhappiness is nothing less than what she deserves. Kara is surrounded by people she doesn’t like and becomes involved in a relationship with an older man. This older man doesn’t respect her and doesn’t care about her. Even though people know th at unhealthy relationships destroy them, and might think that it’s easy to stop, in fact it’s opposite and they keep drowning in their â€Å"blind love† towards their offender, thinking is the only person who will ever be with them. ADD A POINT AND A QUOTE In the short story â€Å"Fear Itself†, readers can see the girl Kara, who’s playing the game Categories with her friends Ruthie and Olive in a museum. Even if the girls are tired of this game and don’t like really each other, they still keep doing it, in order not to stay alone. After some time, all of them have to separate inShow MoreRelatedSelf Respect Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesSELF RESPECT â€Å"The worst loneliness is to not be comfortable with yourself.† – Mark Twain Self-respect is fundamental for a great life. If self-respect is lacking this may cause insecurity and the strive to be someone we are not. To develop self-respect means to cultivate the self-confidence to deal with whatever life throws at us. Self-respect comes from an inner belief and not an egoistic feeling of superiority. The following are some ways to improve self-respect:- †¢ Learn to HandleRead MoreEssay on The Moral Value of the Movie Take the Lead921 Words   |  4 Pageslive their life they always wished to live. They fail to realise their ambitions and give up on their dreams as soon as they encounter their first obstacle. One of the strongest cause of it is because they fail to believe themselves. Believing in yourself is all about being sure that you are going to do whatever you want, even the others are against you. Usually , when you decide to take big challenge or to do something that people failed to do, you will find that everyone is putting you down underRead MoreWhy Building Self Confidence Is Vital1298 Words   |  6 Pagesself-confidence with each new achievement. Self-confident individuals perceive themselves as able to achieve those things they set out to do and this perception creates reality in their lives. I learned that in order to develop this sense of belief in yourself, you need to be optimistic and positive. Besides th is, environment that you reside in and the people you interact with the most must also be positive. If you are surrounded by pessimistic people, you will constantly be surrounded by negative thoughtsRead MoreSelf Esteem Final Paper3274 Words   |  13 Pagesthan others, but they have the wrong perception. Confidence is believing in yourself and your actions. When one has confidence it shines through their actions and this is what will lead them to success. It is knowing that you can achieve the goals you set out for yourself to your full potential. Confident people are able to attract others towards them with their positive attitude and personality. When you believe in yourself and overcome hurdles that life throws at you this attracts others and makesRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesProduction Editor. Others deserving special mention for their contributions are Brenda Moorehead and RaeAnn Guns. Last, we want to acknowledge a few people individually. From Dave: To my wife, Terri, for all her support and love. And to my children— Mark, Meredith, Gabriella, and Natalie—thank you for all you do. You continue to be the â€Å"light of my life.† From Steve: To Laura for all that she brings to my life. From Susan: To my husband John, my daughter Katie, and my Mom. Thanks for your love and

American Apparel - Essay free essay sample

The fashion company has caught the public’s eye in many ways and caused an immense amount of controversy, American Apparel represent this controversy through their clothing and therefore attracts the youth of today who want to stand out and make a fashion statement. An article on Auto Straddle questioned, â€Å"Is American Apparel’s target market people who pretend to care, but don’t? † (www. Autostraddle. com, 2011) Advertising This particular advert caused many problems with the public as it is extremely controversial; people were beginning to talk about American Apparels sexual approach to advertising. Some older people believe this type of advertising is distasteful and disrespectful to women. Although, this negative opinion of American Apparel was still good publicity as the business became well known and very popular, it was the â€Å"hot† topic for everyone. Individuals were starting to know more and more about American Apparel and browse around the stores; young women were interested in the clothing, as they wanted to look â€Å"sexy† and eye catching like the models in the advertisements’. We will write a custom essay sample on American Apparel Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This form of sexual advertising is becoming so normal to us consumers because, it is all around us in magazines, television and on posters in fashion stores. Teenagers are currently choosing to dress in various products to boost their confidence and â€Å"fit in† with the models and celebrities promoting this way of sexual dressing. Sex is universal, it catches adult attention worldwide, but the way in which men and woman interpret such adverts is quite different. Men also developed an eye for American Apparel, as they liked the thought of their partner looking like the model in the advert. Agreeing with Taflinger’s statement, â€Å"The sexual connection is much easier to set up for men than for women†. (Taflinger, R. 1996, Taking Advantage You and Me, Babe: Sex and Advertising. ) Thus men have little criteria for sexual requirements; they concentrate on a woman’s body and once the woman appears young and healthy, she is desirable. As a result, it can be said that men are more concerned with looks then what the advertisement is actually saying. We believe in today’s society sex sells to male and female genders, particularly targeting teenagers and young adults. While sex is becoming more accepted to older people as it is currently advertised universally and furthermore, sex is starting to feature in the latest released movies and television commercials far more frequently. In our opinion, no one wants to look or feel undesirable and therefore individuals are opening their minds to the more appealing look of dressing now and again. This advertisement suggests that American Apparel accept and support the gay society. The fashion company is trying to expose an image of their brand supporting gay individuals and protesting for gay rights. As seen in the advert above, the young men’s t-shirts read â€Å"Legalize Gay† meaning American Apparel are campaigning for gay rights and that sexuality should be celebrated. This attracts the young gay generation since this approach to targeting a specific audience is exceptionally unique and formerly unseen; this is another example of American Apparels controversial side to advertising. I agree that controversy works as means of catching the attention of the public and as a result becomes widespread and sells. As a result of their â€Å"Legalize Gay† t-shirts, American Apparel obtained demands from customers globally requesting the company to expand their products in this segment. According to the American Apparel website, â€Å"American Apparel believes in freedom, expression and equality, things that are inherently condemned in the prohibition of gay marriage. † (American Apparel Inc. 011) American Apparels direct competitors of high street fashion Hamp;M and River Island too started campaigns similar to this such as, â€Å"Fashion against Aids† and â€Å"T for Trust†. This raises awareness for significant problems for young people, as well as raising funds for charitable causes. We approve on this attitude towards the gay society, as we feel every individual should be equal and treated with respect regardless their sexual orient. Grant ing whether American Apparel genuinely have the same views on this issue or not, they wisely saw a gap in the market for promoting gay rights. They entered the market and succeeded the gay society, in addition to customers solely interested in promoting gay rights and therefore achieved many loyal customers in this market segment. American Apparel is a sweatshop free company and strongly promotes fair labour. Founder and CEO of the business, Dov Charney states â€Å"we don’t exploit over-seas labour† proving good corporate logic as consumers are engrossed with clothing ethics making American Apparel exclusive and attractive. Charney also speaks out about the salary rates he pays his factory workers, as they earn 12. 0 U. S dollars per hour which is double the average hourly rate of California (currently at 6. 75 dollars). Furthermore, Charney offers all his employees additional benefits such as health care, massages, tutorial classes in computers and English and discounts on bus passes and lunches. Charneys objective is to create a positive working experience for all his workers and pleasant shopping experienc e for both his loyal and new customers, â€Å"You don’t get that feeling from a lot of businesses right now† he discusses this in a phone interview from his home in Los Angeles. Besides this, Dov Charney and his team at American Apparel march together in support of immigration reform. Charney firmly supports immigrants’ rights and protested for eleven years to date. He believes individuals, societies and businesses should express their feelings on immigration and fight for their rights. Since 2003, American Apparel has been carrying out a campaign to achieve immigration reform by producing advertisements and flyers promoting a change. Here is a link to American Apparel’s website where you can see many remarkable photographs captured during their eleventh year protesting. http://americanapparel. net/contact/legalizela/ We trust this verifies that American Apparel is a sweatshop free company and its authority treats all employees fairly. After studying about American Apparel we have learned that it is not just a company with high quality products and trend setting clothing but it too has morals and attitudes on certain issues that are represented in its clothing. Charneys big personality appears to make work enjoyable and entertaining for the factory workers and doesn’t exploit them in any way, as it goes against his beliefs similar to his views on many concerns. Dov Charney doesn’t rely on a logo to sell or advertise his clothing; he declares â€Å"no print on clothes†. Charney thrives to produce and sell the value, quality and fit of his clothing, as it is what’s truly important to make his brand stand out. He formally stated that you should achieve to â€Å"build a brand, not be a brand†. American Apparel maintains their quality standards of excellence and achieves numerous loyal customers as their products never succeed to disappoint. The message American Apparels sending out about their brand is high quality, no logo, good fit and affordable clothing along with sweatshop free and exploitation free of their employees. The high street fashion company want to make a change in the fashion industry and therefore want to make a unique impact from every angle. For example; advertising, public campaigns, symbol free clothing etc.

Sexual Roles In Dracula Essays - English-language Films,

Sexual Roles In Dracula Sexual Roles in Dracula Women in Bram Stoker's Dracula are primarily presented in two ways: There is the sexual being created solely with the aid Dracula's vampiric influence, and the device manipulated and virtually exploited by the men throughout the novel to contribute to the fight between Dracula and Van Helsing and his companions. This battle is not only the literal battle between Dracula and the men, but it is primarily a battle for the empowerment of women, both sexually and intellectually; a fight against the constricting social boundaries which forced men and women into their respective roles. Dracula's kiss enables women to become sexual penetrators. Using their sharp teeth to penetrate men, the reverse the traditional gender roles and place men in the passive position customarily reserved for women (Craft, 448). The instance when Mina drinks from Dracula's breast is the strongest example of this; where the reader to this point is accustomed to Dracula doing the ?biting?, and suddenly Mina has the power to penetrate a male. Both Lucy and Mina, when they carry out a relationship with Dracula, become sexual beings, as opposed to when they are mortals and are forced to obey the social boundaries of their society. By expressing this sexuality, they become threatening to the men. Mina is intelligent, and despite the strong aversion she has to the ?New Woman? or the ?Modern Woman?, she is, in fact, a sort of modern woman; connected with modern ways, a schoolteacher with secretarial skills, she possesses a ?man's brain?. It is this very brain which is ultimately used to aid in D racula's downfall. Lucy, on the other hand, is presented as the temptress at the very start of the novel. Stoker presents her as exhibiting personality traits potentially dangerous in women. She is ever the tease, falling into the traditional female role more than Mina ever did. Her vanity and superficiality is shown very clearly in a letter to Mina: ?THREE proposals in one day! Isn't it awful! ...But, for goodness' sake, don't tell any of the girls, or they would be getting all sorts of extravagant ideas and imagining themselves injured and slighted if in their very first day at home they did not get six at least. Some girls are so vain? (Stoker, 57). As a mortal, Lucy is already a sexual being- her transformation into a vampire only accentuates her seductiveness, making her a threat to the men. She becomes everything she wasn't in life; maternal, mature, cunning, sly. When the vampiric Lucy is approached by Holmwood in her tomb, his intent to destroy, she tries to seduce him (and he finds her hard to resist), to get him to protect her from the others. In the eyes of the men, she has become a ?monster? as well, and their desire for her is manifested in their obsession with destroying her. Lucy's unmanageable sexual penetration is presented as inherently evil because it threatens fixed gender distinctions (Signorottii, 623). Jonathon, Van Helsing, Seward and Holmwood are all overwhelmingly and unavoidably attracted to the vampires, and to sexuality in general. Fearing this, they both displace this attraction and justify their hostile reaction to it by projecting the attraction onto the female vampires (with the rationale that it is not themselves who want the vampires, it is the vampires who want them), and using religion to justify the murders (Roth, 415). The men refuse admit to this attraction, because what they are attracted to poses such a threat to their manhood. Vampires are allowed to show their sexuality in a much more explicit manner than the ?living?. One of the three vampire women who attempt to feed form Jonathon in Dracula's castle exhibits this with surprising directness: ?He is young and strong; there are kisses for us all? (Stoker, 42). ?The vampire women offer immediate sexual gratification... a tempting alternative to the socially imposed delays and frustrations of Jonathon's relationship with the chaste and somewhat sexless Mina? (Wasson, 389). During Mina's transformation, she becomes a much more dangerous threat to the men. Her ?man's brain? is now being used to Dracula's advantage. Furthermore, Dracula is able to give his women, Mina being no exception, what Jonathon could never

Third Days Love Song essays

Third Day's Love Song essays In 1991, Mac Powell (vocals), Mark Lee(guitar) and Billy Wilkens decided they wanted to be a part of a band that played songs about their faith in God. Third Day started playing a few small shows around Powder Springs, Georgia. In 92, they were joined by David Carr (drums) and Tai Anderson (bass). In 93, Billy dropped out of the band after they did a full length recording entitled Contagious. Only 1000 cds and 1000 cassettes were ever made for this independent recording. In 95 they picked up Brad Avery, another guitar player. The band continued to grow in popularity, selling over 300,000 of their Third Day release in 1996, and opening 5 shows for the Newsboys in addition to a 65 city tour of their own. In the winter of 1997, Third Day went into the studio and recorded Conspiracy No. 5. They also toured with the Newsboys, opening for 45 shows. This allowed them to play for over 3,000 people a night. The band continued to grow, and is now one of the most known Christian bands around. This band happens to be the band that sings my favorite song. This song, called Love Song, is a great piece of music which displays how a song can be simple yet very powerful. Using only vocals and acoustic guitar, the songs lyrics demonstrate the love Jesus Christ has for people from His point of view. It is great at comparing typical love song material, typical being man-to-woman. It goes beyond what is physically possible by man and reminds you of a few of the things that Jesus did to show his love for us. Things that no regular person could do. This song relates to typical Christian music in that it gives all the glory to God, the one who deserves it. 1st Corinthians 13 tells a little about what love is, from Gods point of view. It states Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. ...

5 Ways to Deal With the Worst Job Youve Ever Had

5 Ways to Deal With the Worst Job Youve Ever Had So you woke up this morning and came to the conclusion that you hate your job. In fact, while you dragged yourself to work, you came to the realization that it’s the worst job you’ve ever had. Maybe it’s your boss, or maybe you simply don’t like your actual  job responsibilities- but even so, unless you’re rolling in the dough or you don’t have any bills to pay, you need money and likely have to stay. So how do you deal with the worst job you’ve ever had? Here are 5 steps to help you keep your job and your sanity.1. Buy a Punching Bag If you have space in your house or apartment, definitely invest in a punching bag. It will be a great way to unleash your frustration at the end of the day. As an added bonus, if you hate your boss, feel free to tape a picture of his or her face to the punching bag and go to town. Don’t worry, your secret is safe with us.2. Visit Your Local GymIf you don’t already have one, get a membershi p at your local gym. Whether it’s lifting weights or running on the treadmill, exercise can be a great way to detox and rid yourself of all the extra tension and angst built up during the day. When you exercise, your body releases chemicals known as endorphins that trigger a positive feeling in your  body. The production of endorphins also helps combat depression.3. Go Out For Happy HourNothing takes your mind off from your crappy job like half-priced drinks and impaired judgement. Go out with your co-workers or friends and just forget your problems for a little while.4. Imagine Your Boss’s Demise  Ã‚  Assuming you don’t like your boss, envision his or her demise. Whether it’s strapping them onto a missile and shooting them into the sun, or DESTROYING them in a game of ping pong, the point is, have fun with it. As long as you do not act on your impulses (except destroying them in ping pong that would be awesome), such daydreaming might put your mind a t ease and release some stress and anger. It might seem unorthodox, but let’s be real, we’ve all imagined our boss’s demise at one point or another.5. Plan Ahead  It sounds clichà ©, but it’s necessary- all of the previous  steps will only help you temporarily cope with the stress and anxiety of a job you hate, so it’s imperative that you plan for the future. No one wants to work forever  at a job they hate. It’s crucial that you dust off your resume and begin applying to new jobs. The sooner you start, the better it will be for your overall health.

Levendary Caf Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Levendary Caf Assignment - Case Study Example The CEO and other senior executives should consider either relocating or making several trips to China just to check how the business is doing. That way, your support and effectiveness as the CEO will be felt and Chen will realize that he needs to reason with you not to impose things even where changes should be respected. 2. Chen has a difficult personality that lead to a moment of disagreement in one of the meetings. Applying self-deprecating humor where you laugh over issues as a way of expressing connection in communication could help you in knowing how to handle the problem. 3. Between you and Chen, there is a standoff that needs to be addressed. There is what you believe is the right thing to do and Chen has another thing to do. Creating an open door policy where you present yourself as presentable will make it easy to communicate to Chen despite the fact that you are the boss. Chen has proved to be difficult but for a worthy reason. He feels he has built the brand in China alone and opening 23 outlets has been his major achievement. With that in mind, Chen has also tried to provide the China market with what he thinks will sell in China. However, he has not maintained the company’s standards that are important for the establishment’s uniqueness. Foster on the other hand, you are in your first job as a CEO of an already established brand. To address that, Chen and other executives need to be taken for a refresher course in corporate management and brand management. Remember Chen did no go through formal hiring process as well as he could be in his first senior position in the corporate arena. Taking him and other executives for the course will enhance his skills. However, this is likely to raise criticism from Chen and the China market stakeholders. Some may see it as an act of intimidation. It could be classified as an action towards an inco mpetent worker, of

Adolescent therapy for parent-adolescent crises regarding personal Essay

Adolescent therapy for parent-adolescent crises regarding personal freedom - Essay Example 2), and as he/she also encounters other unexpected life events such as sudden change in family structure, changes in the school or in schooling, and accidents that can impinge on his/her well-being. (Dumont & Provost, 1999, p. 343) As adolescents undergo this transitory stage, â€Å"many features of their social world are transformed† (Brown & Huang, 1995, p. 151), of which the most dramatic is no other than peer relations, wherein the teenager establishes his/her standing among peers. (Brown, 1990, p. 171). â€Å"They begin to spend more time with and value their friends more than they used to. Thus, it might seem as if they are starting to cut ties with parents and reject their ideals† (Guzman, 2007, p. 1751). Previous research by Berndt (1979), Hunter & Youniss (1982), Selman (1980) has linked the decline in parental authority over adolescents to the dominance of the peer group (as cited in Smetana & Asquith, 1994, p. 1148), which â€Å"have been found to assume greater importance in adolescence than in middle childhood† (Savin-Williams & Berndt, 1990; Youniss & Smollar, 1989, as cited in Ibid) With this, some theories suggest that adolescents become more independent as the power of family to control them weakens. (Adelson & Doehrman, 1980, Blos, 1979, Freud, 1965, 1969, as cited in Peterson, Bush, & Supple, 1999, p. 431; Freud, 1958, as cited in Brown & Huang, 1995, p. 151) However, a significant number of empirical researches show otherwise. Researches by Baltes and Silverburg (1994), Baumrind (1991), Collins and Repinski (1994), Cooper, Grotevant, and Condon (1983), Grotevant and Cooper (1986) Hill and Holmbeck (1986), Offer, Ostrov, and Howard (1981), Peterson (1995), Sebald (1986), Steinberg (1990), Silverberg and Gondoli (1996), and Youniss and Smollar (1985) revealed that â€Å"adolescent autonomy emerges within a family context in which the young expresses admiration for, seek advise from, and

Antony and Cleopatra Essay Example for Free

Antony and Cleopatra Essay Explore the presentation and effects of love in Antony and Cleopatra Antony and Cleopatra is Shakespeares peculiarly fluid and intimate historical retelling of the love tale of the Roman soldier, Mark Antony, and the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra. The male protagonist, Antony, is a noble Roman soldier. That being so Shakespeare introduces him as having many cultural personality traits which in this play are affected, alongside with his judgement, by the love he feels for Cleopatra. From the outset of the play, the audience can see that Antonys judgment has been affected by love. This can be observed from the people in Antonys company. While it is obvious they regard him as a powerful figure they also disapprove of his relationship with Cleopatra. The audience can see this from Philos description of Antonys dotage that Oerflows the measure (1, 1, 2)1. This shows that his obsession with Cleopatra surpasses a sensible level. Philo says that Antonys heart has become the bellows and the fan/ To cool a gypsys lust. (1, 1, 7-10)2 This shows that some of his former greatness has gone as he has been degraded to serving, what others see as a gypsy. In addition to this the word gypsy also reinforces the Romans disapproval of their relationship as gypsy would give the audience connotations of a promiscuous woman. However moments before this Antony is described to have goodly eyes (1, 1, 2)3 which glowed like plated Mars (1, 1, 4)4. Philos reference to Mars the powerful Roman God of war, presents Antony as a powerful, invulnerable God-like being. However this is a demonstration of hyperbole as the reader knows that Antony, no matter how magnificent, is still a fragile and breakable mortal. This use of hyperbole adds humor to the play as the reader identifies the exaggeration and knows that Antony is mortal. This description enables us to see the vivid change in Antonys judgement. As the play progresses the audience can further observe the deterioration of Antonys greatness mainly because of awful decisions made by his affected judgement. This mainly happens because he struggles with the choice of whether to devote himself to a life of work, or a life of love. As a powerful Roman military leader and one of the three Roman rulers Antony should have extremely strong work ethics and ideologies, which in turn means any decisions he makes should favour work and responsibility. However this is not the case and his judgement is often affected by his feeling for Cleopatra. In turn this dramatically affects his actions, which contradicts with his ethics of work and responsibility: Let Rome in Tiber melt, and the wide arch of the ranged empire fall (1, 1, 33-4)5. Antony expresses his love for Cleopatra by saying he does not care if the Roman Empire falls. This shows the height of Antonys love for her and the great deal that she has affected his judgement. This is more so as although this comment rejects Rome it also shows its greatness. As Antony is one of three rulers of Rome it should be his primary concern to uphold the Roman Empire rather than dismissing it for love. In addition to this Antony describes the empire as having a wide arch this metaphor illustrates to the audience that he believes that the Roman Empire is strong and will remain strong without him. Thus he can have a more pleasurable and relaxed lifetime. This quotation is also suggestive of Antonys highly regarded position in the triumvirate. This is reveled due to Shakespeares use of the literary technique of iambic pentameter. As it is very complex to write in it enhances the importance of his speech, this is done primarily because he is stating his passion for Cleopatra which he believes is more important than anything else. During Act 3 Antony catches Thidias kissing Cleopatras hand. His jealousy enrages him and he commands his men to Take hence this Jack and whip him (3, 13, 94)6. This is less noble as he displays irrational behavior and angry which are seen as Egyptian traits rather than Roman cultural traits, as Romans are precise, measurable and rational. His treatment of Thidias can be seen as an Egyptian trait mainly because it recalls Cleopatras similar treatment to the messenger in Act 2 scene 5 as she also says: Thou shall be whipped (2, 5, 65)7. This again shows irrationality due to love, which both the lovers share. This parallel implies a similarity in their passionate temperament that can be provoked beyond self control. In turn this shows their height of passion as they both are envious and irrationally jealous, which displays the intensity of their love. In addition to this the lack of self control demonstrated by Antony shows his affect of judgment as Romans see self control as an act of responsibly, which is held just as high as their ethics of work. Despite Antonys less than accurate judgment in previous scenes he is still a Roman at heart and shows certain aspects which benefits Rome and the notion of work. Antony experiences a major emotional struggle when he marries Caesars sister Octavia. Antony participates in the marriage for political reasons hoping to cement himself to his responsibilities. However, he was still caught in a struggle between Rome and Egypt.

Rodrigo’s Reconcile Essay -- essays research papers

Rodrigo’s Reconcile   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reconciliation means to bring back together. In Reconciliation the way we are brought back together with the community is by asking forgiveness. Forgiveness means to pardon or spare. In Greek it means to send forth, put away, and yield up. The other meaning is to give up the desire to punish or to cancel a debt. Jesus gave us the sacrament of Reconciliation. We were granted this sacrament so whenever we turn away from God we have the choice of asking forgiveness so we can be reunited with Him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The four steps in the sacrament of Reconciliation are confession, contrition, penance, and absolution. The first step is confession which allows people to reunite with God by admitting their sins. Before you can heal mentally and spiritually you have to admit your sins. Rodrigo, who was a former slave trader and mercenary, committed a grave sin. He killed his younger brother who he raised as a kid when his parents died. Rodrigo didn’t mean to kill his brother, but it happened during a time of rage against his brother for stealing his girlfriend. Rodrigo knew and accepted the fact that he killed his brother, but he couldn’t let it go. He was really hard on himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After realizing you have sinned against someone, the next step is asking forgiveness from God. Rodrigo Mendosa after killing his brother could not ask forgiveness from God. It was because he couldn’t forgive himself. He needed someone to help him and be with him. At this time along cam...

Research Paper on Smoking Essay

Recently there has been an abundance of media coverage regarding a public’s â€Å"war of smoking.† Recently, Washington state has begun taking vital steps to prohibit smoking in public areas in order to make Washington a better place. There are many arguments about the smoking. The health issues for the smoker and those around them increase the prices and the social unaccepted of the act. Smoking is dangerous for smoker and for the one who is around the smoker. Firstly, smoking is dangerous for smoker, when smokers are smoking, will take lung cancer. The most common form of cancer diagnosed in United States is lung cancer. Lung cancer accounts for 14% out of all cancers, and 28% out of all cancer deaths. (ALA Lung cancer Fact Sheet) According to the American Lung Association, â€Å"Cigarette smoking is responsible for an estimated 87% of lung cancer deaths, or seven out of eight† (American Lung Association). Cigarette contains more than 400toxic and 4000 chemical compounds. Nicotine is the most addictive substance in tobacco. Smoking decreases the level of oxygen from reaching the tissues, giving rise to different health problems such as strokes, heart attacks or miscarriages. Nicotine is increases cholesterol levels in the body and carbon monoxide, which decreases the amount of oxygen within the body. When cholesterol level is increase in blood, increases the chance that a heart attack. Smoking also caused of chronic coughing, short ness of breath, premature aging, recurrent infections and reduced overall fitness (Diseases Caused by Smoking). Yang2 Another example of health issues originated from smoking is emphysema. The Lung Association states that when one has emphysema, some of the air sacs in smoker’s lungs are damaged (The Lung Association). Emphysema does not develop suddenly, it comes very slowly. Years of exposure to cigarettes causes the development of emphysema. Secondly, smoking is also dangerous for non-smokers. Lung cancer is not only a trouble for the smoker, but it is also a trouble for the non-smokers. The indirect effect of smoking comes from two places; smokers breathe out from the other person smoking, and smoke from the end of a burning cigarette  (American Lung Association). The American Lung Association said, â€Å"Indirect smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals; 200 are poisons and 43 cause of cancer.†(The American Lung Association) When non-smokers are stay nearby smoker, they will get some harmful effects. Kinds of cough, nausea, headache, eye irritation, sore throat, dizziness even cancer. Workplaces alone could stop over 32,000 cancer deaths and over 75,000 heart disease deaths. According to the government, 83% of worker health complaints related to trouble with indoor air quality will decrease when workplaces become smoke-free. Constant exposure to tobacco smoke in the workplace nearly doubles the risk of having a hea rt attack. Thirdly, prices of cigarettes have been going through a dramatic increase recently. The government thinks that the increase of price will protect or even get people to quit smoking (Higher Cigarette taxes). According to several studies the increase of cigarette taxes is one of the most effective ways to decrease smoking among teenager and adults (Tobacco Free Kids). These studies show that every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes will decrease total cigarette consumption by three to five percent and decrease teenager smoking by about 7% (Tobacco free Kids). If cigarette prices were increased 10% per pack throughout the country, it would decrease the number of teenagers who become regular smokers by more than a million, saving teenager from dependence, disease and death. Studies also show that people with low income are ones that respond to the increase of prices and end up quit smoking. It is proven that smoking levels are highest among people with low incomes. Lastly, former day, people could hardly find any places without someone smoking there. Now it is prohibited to smoke in public places in many countries. While the number of smokers is increasing, the number of places they can smoke is declining. Many provinces across Canada as well as the Washington states are making it a law that all restaurants and public areas have to be 100% smoke free (U.s. Environmental). A poll conducted by Washington state today shows that 70 % of participates preferred restaurants  that were smoke-free. Over the after 45 years, smoke-free (Research about cigarette). Everyone is at risk for diseases caused from smoking when they are in public places that are not smoke-free. Even with all the evidences that prove the dangers of smoking, some businesses still look down on banning this behavior (U.s. Environmental). There is no real evidence that proves going smoke-free is bad for the business. In fact, there are many positive outcomes when a business adopts s moke-free policy. For example, maintenance cost decreases when smoke, matches, and cigarette butts are eliminated in places. Also, hardware such as equipments, floors, and furniture last longer, and of course, people’s health is freed from danger (Higher Cigarette taxes). In result, many people have different opinions about smoking. There are many characteristic proving smoke-free places are beneficial for many reasons. The government is also trying different methods to induce people to stop smoking. The great increase in cigarette prices is the main one. They figure that this will stop people not to even start smoking. Many businesses today are changing what was used to be normal in a public area: smoking. Smoke free businesses are becoming more and more common. There is no real evidence that shows that adopting smoke-free policy is harmful to businesses. It helps out the business in many areas such as maintenance. People have different opinions, but researchers prove that smoke-free public areas are good for other people’s health, not just smokers’ health. Eventually one day the society will be 100% smoke free. BIBLOIGRAPHY American Lung Association, â€Å"Cigarette smoking is responsible for an estimated 87% of lung cancer deaths, or seven out of eight† (http://www.lungusa.org/stop-smoking/about-smoking/health-effects/smoking.html) The American Lung Association said, â€Å"Indirect smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals; 200 are poisons and 43 cause of cancer ( http://www.lungusa.org/stop-smoking/about-smoking/facts-figures/general-smoking-facts.html) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indirect smoking is known as the cause of cancer (http://www.epa.gov/smokefree/healtheffects.html) The Lung Association states that when one has emphysema, some of the air sacs in his lungs are damaged (http://www.lungusa.org/lung-disease/emphysema/) The government thinks that the increase of price will protect or even get people to quit smoking, The increase of price will make them think two times about smoking. Quitting will save them money and reduce their financial needs (http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/publications/news/news-now/health-of-the-public/20090303smoke-tax.html) According to several studies the increase of cigarette taxes is one of the most effective ways to decrease smoking among teenager and adults, These studies show that every 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes will decrease total cigarette consumption by three to five percent and decrease teenager smoking by about 7% (http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/what_we_do/federal_issues/federal_tobacco_taxes/) Yang6 The increase of cigarette taxes is one of the most effective ways to decrease smoking among teenager and adults(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539350/) Many provinces across Canada as well as the Washington states are making it a law that all restaurants and public areas have to be 100% smoke free(http://www.city-data.com/forum/politics-other-controversies/99626-positive-effects-non-smoking.html) A poll conducted by Washington states today shows that 70 % of participates preferred restaurants that were smoke-free. Over the after 45 years, smoke-free(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9791529) Even with all the evidences that prove the dangers of smoking, some businesses still look down on banning this behavior (http://www.davehitt.com/facts/banlinksarchive2.html) Hardware such as equipments, floors, and furniture last longer, and of course, people’s health is freed from danger (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/10/tech/main6194761.shtml)

Aging and Disability Worksheet Essay

Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1 The older generations often time experience unequal treatment in the workplace and are subject to prejudice and discrimination. (Pearson, 2012) 2 Older members of society share physical differences that set them apart from the younger generations. (Pearson, 2012) 3 The aging population are involuntary included into clubs or groups determined by their age. (Pearson, 2012) Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is age based prejudice or discrimination. The effects of stereotyping on the older generations, whether intentional or not has a negative impact of diversity in society. When society determines that a person is too old to do their job or maintain their effectiveness as active members of society we are losing a great deal of experience and wisdom and inhibiting a person from doing something they may want to do. Age discrimination will have a negative impact not only on society but also on employers as they will not be able to retain knowledge and will have to pour resources into training new workers. A possible solution is to maintain an older workforce to provide mentoring and training opportunities. What is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)? How does the ADEA address issues for the aging population? The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) prohibits employment discrimination against persons forty years of age or older. (www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/adea.cfm) The ADEA does not protect workers under the age of forty. The ADEA as stated, forbids  discrimination when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, fringe benefits, and any other condition of employment (www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/age.cfm). Additionally, any policy implemented by an employer that is to be directed at the entire workforce, can be deemed in violation of the ADEA if the policy has a negative impact of employees over the age of forty. What is being done to address the issues you identified? The ADEA act is an important step in providing equality to the aging population in the workplace. Many older people resent the fact that they are capable of receiving senior discounts of have automatic memberships in clubs such as AARP. To combat feelings that these ideas bring about, I believe older generation are trying to stay more active in society whether it be by exercise and recreational opportunities or just being involved in non-profit organizations and active members of society. Maintaining and active lifestyle by recreational opportunities or exercise also helps to deter the effects of differing physical characteristics brought about by age. Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease? The older population–persons 65 years or older–numbered 39.6 million in 2009 (the latest year for which data is available). They represented 12.9% of the U.S. population, about one in every eight Americans. By 2030, there will be about 72.1 million older persons, more than twice their number in 2000. People 65+ represented 12.4% of the population in the year 2000 but are expected to grow to be 19% of the population by 2030. (http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/) What types of legislation may or may not be affected by the aging population? There are many issues facing the elderly today any many could involve legislation affecting such things as Social Security benefits and also healthcare benefits. The development and workings of groups aimed at protecting not only the threatened benefits of Social Security and healthcare but also other aspects of the elderly lifestyle are on the rise and proving to be helpful to our aging society. How does poverty affect the aging population? Poverty among the elderly is seen as much better today than it was in the past. This can be attributed to pension plans and higher paying jobs that  what people were subject to quite some time ago. Although the rate of poverty is declining in the elderly, poverty is still an issue. One major cause is the rising cost of long term healthcare and medicines. With the increased life expectancy rates, this only compounds the problem as people are living longer. Part II Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What does the ADA provide for people with disabilities? The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 prohibits private employers, state and local governments, employment agencies and labor unions from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities in job application procedures, hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment (http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-ada.html). The ADA provides for accessibility by individuals that otherwise might be limited by disabilities in an attempt to provide equality in society and the workplace. How have people with disabilities been treated in the past? Throughout history, people have been socially disadvantaged, not because of the limits of their own skills and abilities but because assumptions are made about them based on some group characteristics (Pearson, 2012). As a society we tend to fear the unexpected and naturally limit interactions due to this feeling on unknown. In doing so, we have created a sense of separation and a lot of times cause unnecessary feelings of dejection among the disabled community. How has the attitude toward people with disabilities changed over time? Over time I think as a society we have become more aware of actually how much alike people with disabilities are to us. As we move into a more adventurous society, more unfortunate accidents occur and more and more people are likely to become physically disabled. The end result of this would be a better understanding among all of society of the differences and hardships people with physical disabilities face on a  daily basis and allow us to focus on wa ys to provide equal access and quality of life. What are some unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities? People with disabilities, physical or mental, face issues and unique circumstances on a day to day basis that can make life challenging. Access to retail environments, restaurants or any public venue is often times limited by the level of accessibility provided by local businesses or governments. People with learning and/or mental disabilities could face issues of increased level of difficulties in the learning environment which in result could cause limitations in the workplace. What is being done to address those issues? The ADA Act is eventually going to force all businesses large and small to abide and provide access to disabled citizens. The U.S. Department of Education allocated more than 19 million dollars in grants to help prepare those with disabilities to receive their educations (www.whitehouse.gov/issues/disabilities). What types of legislation have been introduced to address issues faced by people with disabilities? The President of the United States signed into law the â€Å"National Alzheimer’s Project Act†, which will provide council on research, care and services of this disease. The President also reauthorized the â€Å"Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Act†, which will provide screening, intervention and research into hearing loss. The â€Å"Christopher and Dan Reeves Paralysis Act† was also signed into law, which is aimed at improved the lives of those affected with paralysis (www.whitehouse.gov/issues/disabilities). The President also signed sever al laws dealing with education and employment oppurtunities for those with disabilities as defined on the White House disability issues website. Sources: www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/adea.cfm www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/age.cfm http://www.aoa.gov/Aging_Statistics/ http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-ada.html www.whitehouse.gov/issues/disabilities Schaefer, R, Racial and Ethnic Groups, 13th Edition, 2012, Pearson Education

Rhamphorhynchus - Facts and Figures

Rhamphorhynchus - Facts and Figures Name: Rhamphorhynchus (Greek for beak snout); pronounced RAM-foe-RINK-us Habitat: Shores of Western Europe Historical Period: Late Jurassic (165-150 million years ago) Size and Weight: Wingspan of three feet and a few pounds Diet: Fish Distinguishing Characteristics: Long, narrow beak with sharp teeth; tail ending with diamond-shaped skin flap About Rhamphorhynchus The exact size of Rhamphorhynchus depends on how you measure itfrom the tip of its beak to the end of its tail, this pterosaur was less than a foot long, but its wings (when fully extended) stretched an impressive three feet from tip to tip. With its long, narrow beak and sharp teeth, its clear that Rhamphorhynchus made its living by dipping its snout into the lakes and rivers of late Jurassic Europe and scooping up wriggling fish (and possibly frogs and insects)much like a modern pelican. One detail about Rhamphorhynchus that sets it apart from other ancient reptiles is the spectacularly preserved specimens discovered at the Solnhofen fossil beds in Germanysome of this pterosaurs remains are so complete that they display not only its detailed bone structure, but the outlines of its internal organs as well. The only creature to have left comparably intact remains was another Solnhofen discovery, Archaeopteryxwhich, unlike Rhamphorhynchus, was technically a dinosaur that occupied a place on the evolutionary line leading to the first prehistoric birds. After nearly two centuries of study, scientists know a lot about Rhamphorhynchus. This pterosaur had a relatively slow growth rate, roughly comparable to that of modern alligators, and it may have been sexually dimorphic (that is, one sex, we dont know which, was slightly larger than the other). Rhamphorhynchus probably hunted at night, and it likely held its narrow head and beak parallel to the ground, as can be inferred from scans of its brain cavity. It also seems that Rhamphorhynchus preyed on the ancient fish Aspidorhynchus, the fossils of which are associated (that is, located in close proximity) in the Solnhofen sediments. The original discovery, and classification, of Rhamphorhynchus is a case study in well-meaning confusion. After it was unearthed in 1825, this pterosaur was classified as a species of Pterodactylus, which at the time was also known by the now-discarded genus name Ornithocephalus (bird head). Twenty years later, Ornithocephalus reverted to Pterodactylus, and in 1861 the famous British naturalist Richard Owen promoted P. muensteri to the genus Rhamphorhynchus. We wont even mention how the type specimen of Rhamphorhynchus was lost during World War II; suffice it to say that paleontologists have had to make do with plaster casts of the original fossil. Because Rhamphorhynchus was discovered so early in the history of modern paleontology, it has lent its name to an entire class of pterosaurs distinguished by their small sizes, big heads and long tails. Among the most famous rhamphorhynchoids are Dorygnathus, Dimorphodon and Peteinosaurus, which ranged across western Europe during the late Jurassic period; these stand in stark contrast to pterodactyloid pterosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era, which tended to larger sizes and smaller tails. (The biggest pterodactyloid of them all, Quetzalcoatlus, had a wingspan the size of a small airplane!)

How to Convert Celcius to Farenheit (°C to °F)

How to Convert Celcius to Farenheit ( °C to  °F) Youre looking to convert Celcius to Fahrenheit. While youll give your answer in  °C to  °F, you should know the temperature scales are Celsius and Fahrenheit. It doesnt matter for your final answer, but if youre ever expected to spell out the names, its good to know. The conversion is really easy: Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Formula Multiply the  °C temperature by 1.8. Add 32 to this number. This the answer in  °F.   Ã‚ °F   ( °C Ãâ€"  9/5) 32 Its just as easy to convert Fahrenheit to Celcius;  °C   ( °F − 32) x  5/9 Example  °C  to  °F Conversion For example, to convert 26 °C to  Ã‚ °F (the temperature of a warm day):   Ã‚ °F   ( °C Ãâ€"  9/5) 32   Ã‚ °F   (26 Ãâ€"  9/5) 32  °F   (46.8) 32  °F   78.8 ° F Table of  °C  and  Ã‚ °F Temperature Conversions Sometimes its good to just look up important temperatures, like body temperature, the freezing point and boiling point of water, etc. Here are some common important temperatures, in both Celsius (the metric scale) and Fahrenheit (the US temperature scale):  °C  °F Description -40 -40 This is where Celsius equals Fahrenheit. It's the temperature of an extremely cold day. −18 0 An average cold winter day. 0 32 The freezing point of water. 10 50 A cool day. 21 70 A typical room temperature. 30 86 A hot day. 37 98.6 Body temperature. 40 104 Bath water temperature. 100 212 Boiling point of water at sea level. 180 356 Baking temperature in an oven. Bold temperatures are exact values. Other temperatures are close but rounded to the nearest degree. Key Points Celsius and Fahrenheit are two important temperature scales that are commonly misspelled as Celcius and Farenheit.The formula to find a Celsius temperature from Fahrenheit is:  Ã‚  Ã‚ °F   ( °C  Ãƒâ€"  9/5) 32The formula to find a Fahrenheit temperature from Celsius is:  Ã‚  Ã‚ °F   ( °C Ãâ€"  9/5) 32The two temperature scales are equal at -40 °.

Assignment 3 international relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 3 international relations - Essay Example Rendition program, an effective counter-terrorism program designed by US government, has been a breakthrough taken to enforce human rights and enhance a safer-political and economic life to its people. This piece of research paper highlights the meaning, rationale and significances of rendition program. This paper presents an analysis of goals and specific objectives of the rendition program and detail how this program has become a threat to people as they are unable to identify a list of human rights that are to be protected. Rendition Program Rendition or extraordinary rendition program refers to the apprehension and extra-judicial transfer of an individual, who has been suspect of terrorism, from one country to another. Hastedt and Guerrier (2010) described the legal perspective and meaning of Rendition Program. It is a practice of handling over an individual or group to another authority. Rendition has been associated with Central Intelligence Agency’s abduction of those w ho have been suspected of being involved in terrorism and handling them over to foreign intelligence agencies where they will be held interrogative (p. 654). United States have allegedly transferred thousands of suspected terrorists to countries that are very known to use quite harsh interrogation and cross-checking, often with torturing. This is described as ‘Torture by proxy’. Concept of rendition is not very new, but it has been traced back to early 1980s when rendition was used to arrest the hijackers of the Achille Lauro, in a way that agents of country were abducting a person suspected of crimes in foreign country and by transporting him to another country (Henner, 2009, p. 407). In 1995, US President Bill Clinton authorized, by a presidential decision directive, the arresting of terrorists in foreign countries. The directive clearly stated that if US did not receive adequate cooperation from a state that harbored a terrorist whose extradition we were seeking, the US would be rightful to take appropriate measures to induce cooperation (Henner, 2009, p. 408). According to this directive, Central Intelligence Agency began detaining of individuals in foreign countries to be tortured or held indefinitely without any legal or rightful recourse. CIA began to detain such individuals in foreign countries for mere torturing and never for trialing them. The above mentioned rendition program, approved by Bill Clinton in 1995, targeted returning suspected Islamic Terrorists to foreign countries where they are demanded for criminal execution and torture as well. CIA has assured that suspects won’t be tortured, in order to be compliant with International Convention Against Torture, and the main purpose behind it, as CIA claimed, was to disrupt terrorist attacks and not to gather information from them (Hastedt and Guerrier, 2010, p. 654). US had mainly two concerns after the incident of 9/11 attack. What to do with high-ranking Al-Qaeda terrorists a nd to catch them to interrogate them are these two major concerns.

E-Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-Business Strategy - Essay Example The music generated by this company may be accessed through browsing by artists, albums and created playlists. It aims to connect millions of people with their favourite songs and create a service that people love to use. It made an easily accessible music and created a win-win situation for people who love listening to music and artists who love creating music. Spotify has created a lightweight software application that users will simply download and then log onto their service enabling on demand streaming of music. Several retailers were recruited by the company who facilitate the access of the music by the listeners through purchase in franchise mode. Its services are very well available in nations like Finland, United Kingdom, France and Norway. Spotify was launched in April 2008 by a team led by Daniel Ek, former CTO of Stardoll, and Martin Lorentzon at Spotify AB, Stockholm, Sweden and its head quarters is located at 103 New Oxford Street London, England WC1A 1DD United Kingdom. It comes under consumer internet companies. Its research and development wing is located in Stockholm, Sweden. The size of the company Spotify is very small with about 85 employees working for the production of music with highest level of quality and perfection. Its structure includes a Global Head of Business Management, Vice President (Engineering), Vice President (Products), Process Manager and Production Manager (Product Development), Advisor, legal Cousel and several other functionaries. its inter relation with other clients and all other functionaries involved in the development of products. It could attract an incredible 1 million subscribers in the UK which is very significant for a region with a population of about 60 million. Spotify is generally funded by paid subscriptions and advertisements played periodically by the Spotify player at intervals in between

A History of the Popes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A History of the Popes - Essay Example The church that was established at the site of the burial place of Peter seems to be insinuated in the film, â€Å"A History of the Popes, Saints and Sinners: Upon This Rock† as the fulfillment of the words of Jesus saying upon Peter, he will build his church. This seemed to have even been strengthened during the time of Pope Leo who very articulately explained the humaneness and divinity of Jesus, making people declare that Peter has spoken to him. The next episode of the film entitled â€Å"Between Two Empires† reflects the fight for power between the political and religious empires in Rome. The religious empire ruled by a pope, decides on what is to be rightfully implemented by the political empire headed by an emperor. However, absolute power has been quite coveted by emperors. On the contrary, popes did not like to give full authority to emperors. Therefore, a long history of contentions between the two empires has been documented. In addition, personal interests played a great role in the historical facts created by emperors and popes. Interestingly, it was not only the emperors who did not play fair for power. Instead, the popes also showed some vicious acts such as murder like the death of John VIII, Leo V and John

Democratic deficit in IMF

Democratic deficit in IMF Democratic deficit in IMF Introduction International Monetary Fund(IMF) is one of the two organisations formed after the Bretton woods conference in 1944. the other one is the World Bank. It has to be noted in the earliest that though this article deals with IMF and how the democratic deficit in it affects the poorest of the countries in the world, the IMF works in tandem with the world bank and other international financial institutions. The founding principle of IMF is rooted deep in the Great Depression of 1930s. During the depression the industrialised countries of the world plummeted themselves by engaging in raising trade barriers, devalued their currencies for competing in the export market and even restricted their citizens from holding any foreign exchange all of these measures resulted in further loss of trade and employment making millions jobless and poor. One of the major reasons for establishing an institution like IMF was to oversee exchange rate stability and international payments ensuring smooth functioning of the complex international monetary system. IMF along with World Bank(WB)was formed in 1945 in the wake of the pressing need for the post war reconstruction and assuring monetary stability in the world economy especially European economy. Though it officially came into existence in December 27, when 29 countries ratified its charter or Articles of Agreement in 1945, it started its operations onl y on March 1, 1947. During the cold war years the membership in IMF was limited due to the pressure of Soviet Union on newly independent countries. End of the fixed standard As pointed earlier the IMF oversaw the fixed exchange rate system where every currency is pegged at US dollars which can be converted in to Gold. The increasing spending on the war in Vietnam adding to the increasing expenditure on Great Society Programs initiated by US President Lyndon Johnson worsened the already overvalued US dollar. This system was started to be abandoned slowly between 1968 and 1973. The major point came when US President Nixon announced the de-linking of US dollar from gold. But the transition to free floating exchange rate system, where every member of IMF was free to peg its currency against any currency or group of currencies, was smoothly done. The period also posited another challenge in the form of unprecedented rise of oil prices, culminating in what is called Oil shocks. It responded to the situation by setting up two oil facilities to help oil importers deal with current account deficit and inflation( Nayyar: 2006). The IMFs engagement with the poor countries starts from the mid 70s when it stated funding these countries through its Trust Fund. The IMF with the end of the cold war and influenced by The jettisoning of the Keynesian demand management policies after their initial success and success of the liberalisation policies initiated by the Richard Nixon in US and Margaret Thatcher in UK along with the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc bolstered a new era symbolically represented by IMF and World Bank called Neo-Liberalism where both IMF and WB was used to force the erstwhile socialist and mixed economic countries to open their markets to foreign investors and liberalise their financial system, the effects of which were highly destabilizing. While the East Asian economies initially showed high growth rates the same programs resulted in devastations across Sub Saharan Africa. The vehemently critiqued Structural Adjustment Facility which was later changed into Enhanced Structural Ad justment Facility was initiated in March 1986. The Financial Functions of IMF Any understanding of the functioning of IMF should also differentiate between IMF and World Bank. The IMF, unlike Bank is not primarily a lending institution like World Bank. The WB also is a complex organisation. It is actually two organisation International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD) and International Development Association(IDA).WB is an investment bank. The World Bank functions by issuing bonds the repayment of which is guaranteed by its member countries. That is WB lends money to development works through market borrowing. The IDA, on the other hand is a concessional loan associate which is mainly financed by donor nations. The IMF in contrast intermediate between investors and recipients. It demands membership fee from its members which is accrued in to a general pool. Each member contributes to this pool according to its economic size and strength, providing each member a respective quota which also translate into their voting share in a skewed manner. Its o perations are to a major part are financed through this common pool. What does IMF exactly do? The IMFs role is highlighted when any member nation falls into a balance of payment debacle. a country must have both its exports and imports at almost equal levels. After the floating exchange rate system was adopted, every nation is left free to peg its currency against any or any group of currencies. But it also develops a problem over a period of time. The value of the currency tend to get overvalued. Thus a currency might be pegged at four units to one dollar. After a period of time due to trade fluctuations, the currencys actual value might have reached six units to one dollar. What effects does this over valuation have? At this time the currencys higher value helps in reducing import expenditure whereas at the same time the currencys higher value makes it costlier and reduces export revenue. Thus economy receives less income but spends more. This plummets the economy into a balance of payment crisis. This is where IMF enters into the scene. The IMF be ing the only international organisation with the support of the dominant economies and with expertise advises and directs nations to escape from such balance of payment crisis. IMF provides short term and medium term loans to tide over the debacle for the time being. But IMF also has influence over the decision making in World Bank and other financial institutions. The loans are not without fetters however. The loans are accompanied by a series of conditions generally termed as conditionalities . Thus the major functions of the IMF can be broadly classified as follows: 1) to promote exchange rate stability to maintain international trade stability 2) by providing short term and medium term financial assistance to members facing shortage of foreign currency. 3) It also plays an advisory role on macro-economic policy issues so that the economic policies of member countries do not adversely affect the balance of payment situation. 4) it also assist member nations in expanding their markets where they can exchange currencies without restriction. ( Sharma, 2002: 90). Democratic deficit What is meant by democracy in the case of international organizations like IMF? It is well known that the IMF was originally not conceived to be an organisation to help the third world countries or less developed erstwhile colonies. Its chief aim, along with World Bank was to ensure reconstruction of the capitalist economies in the war ravaged European nations. The agenda of lending and interfering in developing countries was initiated in the course of the cold war attempting to lure newly independent countries away from the socialist bloc dominated by Soviet Union. No surprise that still the organisation of the chief decision making bodies inside the Bretton woods institution reflect the political equations existing at the time of the second world war completely tuned to the interest of the Developed countries. When IMF and Bank was formed, except for United States, members were expected to be both contributors and borrowers. The decisions in the Executive board is reached through voting, if not reached by consensus. Each country holds a share of vote with regard to their contribution to the world economy. The united states the with the largest voting power holds 17.09 % of shares. Almost 63% of shares is held by just 12 member countries including US out of 186 members of the IMF. The same condition prevails in the world bank also. The 24-country African group in contrast carries only 1.42% of total voting share power making their influence practically nil in the agenda setting and decision making processes and policies. This problem arises because, there are only 8 member countries enjoying their own seat on the board. The remaining 16 are divided between the remaining 179 countries. This skewed system renders other member countries to group together to augment their collective bargaining or voting share represented by an Executive Director. This reflects in the policies of the IMF and its results. Howe ver, the democratic deficit is not the cause of the problems associated with the IMF. Rather, the very democratic structure of both the IMF and Bank are themselves symptoms of a much structural problem, the present world order based on the capitalist model of production and its prevailing ideology ‘neo-liberalism. Unequal representation Constituencies The groupings of the member countries have created what has come to be called ‘Constituency system.. all the members other than eight of them who have their own seats group together to form constituencies to elect a Director for their constituency to represent them. These constituencies are not static groupings. The size of the constituencies i.e. the memberships both qualitatively and quantitatively change depending on various factors, especially economic factors. This happens because every country except for some are on the lookout to increase their leverage vis-a vis other constituencies and within their constituency to apportion a bigger share out of the collective bargaining. But, in some cases, member countries also shift constituencies due to ideological considerations. For example, Indonesia joined the constituency headed by Italy in 1950s and later moved to a constituency of Islamic countries of North Africa and Malaysia. Later, Indonesia formed a constituency on geogr aphical basis, consisting of Korea, Philippines and Vietnam. One of the major reasons why members change constituencies has been to hold a more influential or senior position within the constituency. For example, earlier, Spain was within the constituency headed by Italy along with Poland and Greece. Later in 1978, Spain joined a central American constituency including Mexico and Venezuela assuming the post of Executive Director (Wood, 2006:483). The representation as shown above is based on the economic might of the members. The 24 member African constituency headed by Equatorial Guinea and the 19 member African constituency headed by Nigeria ahold only 1.42% and 3.01% respectively. But paradoxically these are the countries which are directly and severely affected by the policies of the IMF and World Bank. It has to be reminded that it is the masses , peasants, working classes of these countries who toil hard to repay their countrys debits. But they have almost no say on whatever the decisions that impinge and affect on their lives. It is a process of taxation without representation. But the IMF and Bank were not planned to be as undemocratic as they are now in their origin. The Bretton Woods Institutions also provide 250 basic votes to every member of the organisation. This was actually introduced to ensure a minimum sense of equal representation and fair play among members. The basic vote system atleast ensured a minimum of equal stake along with the share on the basis of contribution. The quota votes are added to basic votes to form the total vote. But the basic votes which formed 14% of the total votes in 1955 has now come down to around 3 percent in both IMF and World Bank. Selection of the head The selection of the head of the IMf is the most glaring evidence of unequal representation and hegemony of the dominant western industrialized nations. The IMFs executive board is responsible for selecting the Managing Director. Any Executive Director may submit a nomination for the position. If more than one gets nominated, the executive board reaches a decision by consensus. But by precedence, usually only a European becomes the Managing director of IMF. And in the case of World Bank only an American becomes the head. Accountability The executive board do not adequately hold staff and management to account. There are no official mechanisms for holding elected Directors, members after being elected. The Dutch executive Director however, has introduced a template to ground evaluation of his staff which is slowly gathering favour and being implemented by other Directors. But still there are no rules and regulations except for a vague and broad mention in sec 14 d of the By-Laws. It states â€Å" It shall be the duty of an executive Director and his alternate to devote all the time and attention to the business of the Fund that its interests require and between them, to be continually available at the principle offices of the Fund.† According to IMF Articles of Agreement the Managing Director â€Å"The Managing Director shall be chief of the operating staff of the Fund and shall conduct, under the direction of the Executive Board, the ordinary business of the Fund. Subject to the general control of the Executive Board, he shall be responsible for the organization, appointment, and dismissal of the staff of the Fund† (article xii, 4,b). Regarding the accountability of the Directors, a code of conduct was established only in 2000 applicable to Executive Directors, their alternates and senior Advisors. It has established some standards of ethical conduct regarding conflict of interests arising from the functioning as Executive Director and also supposed to treat confidential information. It also mandates disclosure of regular financial reports. For the purpose of confirming to confidentiality and other ethical issues, an Ethics committee of five Executive Directors was formed. But far most, the committee ca n only warn the relevant Executive Director communicate it to the respective Governor. It has to be kept in mind that ultimately the internal accountability comes down to moral persuasions. Accountability of Executive Directors, in relation to the countries they represent, however, work in different terms. The countries with their own representatives can hold their directors directly accountable. He can be dismissed and replaced at will. But a representative Director who was elected cannot be dismissed or replaced by any of the members until his term ends. A member can be induced to resign but no Articles provide the members the right to require resignation from him. The problem with this set up is obvious. There is no mandated obligation for him to follow the orders or directions of the member countries. The director can even vote against the interests of the very member, he/she represent. Reading this with the sec 14 d of the article provides a much more clear picture. Where the Director is not mandatorily obligated to follow the directions of the countries represented by him, he is obligated to work in tandem with other members. This creates enormous opportunities f or developed nations to simply buy-out the representatives of developing and under-developed countries. This problem emanates from the fact also that constituencies are not mandatorily legitimate units of representation. Regarding the accountability of the staffs and management towards executive board, three reasons are cited. First, it is difficult for members of the Executive Board to prepare papers and positions on all countries. Many Executive Directors remain in the job only for a short time. In the cases of constituencies, as there are rotations of the seat of Director, the time for the Director is too short to acquire real idea of the organizational set up. Second, the tendency to present a picture of unified view in Board discussions, the staff and management fail to play a proactive role by seriously debating over their disagreement. Third, the most important problem is that many discussion are taken by Executive Boards before the board meetings. This is especially the sign of influence of the dominant countries in the decision making processes of the IMF. Issues like loans to countries that are against the US approval or interest will not at all be presented before the board. IMF also lacks accountability to its member nations. IMF by its, functioning is accountable only to the Finance ministers and central bank Governors. But the role of IMf has expanded to such areas that the accountability needs to be widened. The IMFs prescriptions are now not only restricted to only matters concerning finance ministries and central bank governors. Expanding activities: IMF was not instituted by its founders to carry out the range of activities it is currently carrying out. The IMF was instituted on the basis of the Keynesian demand management. It was understood that there should be an international organisation to overlook the monetary activities of the countries to keep the exchange rates relatively stable and insulated from shocks. But the area of interest expanded with decreasing clout of the Soviet bloc. More nations switched over to capitalist model and IMF and world Bank were rested with the duty to open the various . These functions got impetus with the neo-liberal policies initiated by Reagan and Thatcher in the United States and Britain. A major transformation came with the demise of the Soviet bloc after which the marketisation of these economies become the main objective of the Bretton Woods institutions. With these they have almost became the primary instruments of globalisation of world economy. The BWIs have come to be the only large lenders and monetary policy institutions. More and more countries are forced to approach these organizations in the absence of an alternative. In a sample of 25 countries, there were only between six and ten measures of performance criteria for loans on conditionality whereas it increased to 25 measures at the end of 1990s.But the accountability and transparency of the IMF has not increased with these new functions. The role of US and other developing countries The role of US especially the Treasury in the functioning of the Bretton Woods institution has been a matter of concern and critique for the democratization of the global financial institutions. Also the US along with other developed countries called G7 form a formidable group controlling almost 47.13% of the total voting power. These countries act as a de facto management of IMF. Also unlike the developing countries they have well equipped staffs . They co-ordinate between each other. This is ensured by their shared interests, being the major creditors. The ministers, central bank governors convene a meeting on issues and agendas before the annual and spring meetings and issue press communiquà © together. The Executive Directors also co-ordinate with each other on common positions. The IMF has acted more as an arm of the western especially US financial interests. The liberalization policy was forced on Kenya by the US Treasury through the IMF. The experience of Kenya when it implem ented financial liberalization was devastating. The result was fourteen bank failures in 1993 and 1994. Also the US holds the only veto power in the IMF with its 17% voting share. Also in 2000 the US congress was unilaterally able to propose and pass a resolution and later implement a measure of change and reform in IMF without consulting any other member. The US through its executive Board members, staffs and location of the organization and as the BWIs court US favour for their operation exercise a hegemonic influence over both IMF and Bank ( Stiglitz, 2002). Needed Reforms Most of the problems regarding IMF arise because of the dissonance created between IMFs supposed functions and the current functions it is carrying out. The IMF, to use Nobel laureate and earlier chief economist in World Bank, Joseph Stiglitz ‘the IMF never likes to discuss the uncertainties associated with the policies that it recommends, but rather, likes to project an image of being infallible†(Stiglitz, 2002: 230). The IMF, time and again has been only admitting mistakes as in the handling East Asia crisis. The IMF have also been slow in learning from its mistakes. But the mistakes are not simply mistakes by indifferent individuals. They are also evidence to the level of influence of free market ideology professed by the international financial community and the US Treasury. The reforms must also focus on the operational costs being forced on to the developing countries, the principle borrowers. The operational costs of IMF is financed by the subscriptions every member country makes and also from the interests to the loans debtor countries pay back. By this logic, it is the developing countries which are financing most of the IMF expenses. From the breakdown of the expenses of the IMF, it has been founded that the contribution of the developed countries who are the creditors have come down to 29% in 2000 from 71% in 1980. this means that three fourths of the administrative expenses of the IMF is financed by the same countries are dependent on the loans provided by the IMF. Also the fund allocated for the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes(ROSCs) and the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP). Nearly 89 countries and 95 countries have participated in these schemes, respectively. But the majority of the countries who have had the assessme nts are developed countries. Developing countries and Sub Saharan African countries were hardly assessed about their financial and monetary status. Thus a good amount of money is spent on countries that are in good health rather than on those who need help and re-structuring (Woods, 2006:498). The IMF should restrict itself to the mandated functions it was allocated to it when it was formed i.e to only monitoring and advising on the exchange rate stability. The lending business should be handed over entirely to the world bank. Also the basic votes to the member countries should be brought back to the level at earlier years of IMF and should be slowly increased to enable a far more democratic practice than what is practiced now. Developing countries like India, China, Brazil, South Africa should be provided more voting share as their global contribution has also increased in recent years. Especially the case for increase of voting share of China is a long standing issue came to spotlight during the recent financial crisis when China has bargained for an increase in its voting share. More seats of Executive Directors should be formed to accommodate varied under-represented countries(Ambrose, 2007). Also agencies f horizontal accountability have to be built like independent evaluation unit. Like the supreme court acts as horizontal agency working as a component of constitutionalism one of the benchmarks of democracy in modern era, offices endowed with overseeing accountability and transparency have to be established. Conclusion The IMF and World bank, especially IMF have veered away from their mandated area of functioning. The need for an international monetary agency always remains as long as capitalist economy prevails. The veto power hld by US also need to be balanced at least by providing other larger economies including developing economies with more role in decision making process. A more rational approach towards representation of poor nations has to be made. The liberalization of the asian economic powers has created rifts even within borrowers regarding the kind of schemes of lending. While developing countries like China, India, Indonesia etc. are provided with schemes with less scrutiny, Sub-Saharan countries receive credit after a long process of office work. The democratization of IMF based on the economic strength of present era will obviously provide great boost in bargaining power of developing countries vis-à  -vis developed countries. But it is not sure whether the process will surely ben efit even the poorest in these developing countries, let alone other poor countries of Latin America and Africa. The constituency system should be replaced by atleast minimum one per one country added with the vote in relation to their contribution to the world economy. Accountability within the organization can be developed only when the term of the Directors are ensured unlike in the case of constituency where rotation system operates. References Nayyar, Deepak (ed.). 2006. Governing Globalization: Issues and Instituions. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Stiglitz, Joseph. 2002. Globalization And Its Discontents. New York: Allen Lane. Ambrose, Soren. 2009. Multilateral Money. Counterpunch. Available online at: http://www.counterpunch.org/ambrose09022009.html Ambrose, Soren. 2007. Confidence Crisis at the IMF. Counterpunch Available online at: http://www.counterpunch.org/ambrose04172007.html Ambrose, Soren. 2007. IMF Reforms: Mere Tinkering or Change We Can Live With? Foreign Policy in Focus. Available online at: http://www.fpif.org/articles/imf_reforms_mere_tinkering_or_change_we_can_live_with Elson, Diane. 1994. People, Development and International Financial Institutions: An Interpretation of the Bretton Woods System. Review of African Political Economy, 21, 62 : 511-524 . Available online at : http://www.jstor.org/stable/4006259 Glenn, John. 2008. Global Governance and the Democratic Deficit: stifling the voice of the South. Third World Quarterly, 29, 2: 217 — 238. Available online at : http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590701806798 Sharma, Shalendra D. 2002. Reforming the IMF: Can it serve as an â€Å"international lender of last resort?†. Global Economic Review, 31, 2: 89 — 104 Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265080208422895 Woods, Ngaire. 2001. Making the IMF and the World Bank More Accountable. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-),77, 1: 83-100. Available online at : http://www.jstor.org/stable/2626555 Woods, Ngaire and Lombardi, Domenico. 2006. Uneven patterns of governance: how developing countries are represented in the IMF. Review of International Political Economy, 13, 3: 480 — 515. Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290600769351

The Plight of the Late Nineteenth Century American Farmer Essay

The Plight of the Late Nineteenth Century American Farmer From the early beginnings of America to well into the nineteenth century, America has been dominantly an agricultural country. Farming and the country life have always been a great part of the American culture. Thomas Jefferson even expressed his gratitude for the farming class by saying Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God, if ever He had a chosen people, whose breasts He, has made His peculiar deposit for substantial and genuine virtue. The American culture was built upon farming and agriculture but since the end of the civil war and the abolition of slaves, things have changed dramatically to the American lifestyle. This time brought on the Industrial Revolution which sparked many factories and new ways of transportation across America. There were many acts passed to encourage the agricultural lifestyle still such as the Homestead Act of 1862, the Timber Culture Act of 1873, the Desert Land Act of 1877, and the Timber and Stone Act passed in 1878. As a result of these acts, farm income dropped and new machines and methods or systems to farm such as sharecropping and tenant farming became available and made it much easier to increase crop yields. The people who had the smaller farms, uncultivated land, or limited resources could not compete against the farms who were bigger, better, and more modernized with the new technology. After many people failed on the farms, they were seen heading to t...

Role Model: Bill Cosby

Role Model Review: Bill Cosby My observation is based on the biography of Dr. Bill Cosby. Cosby has been a great example of what a father and leader in the community is all about with regards to the Christian worldview. Even in his hay days, in the mid-60’s, as a standup comic he was regarded as a PG comic because his material was clean of profanity and focused more on his personal life and experiences as a father. In 1965 he released comic albums that garnered him six Grammy Awards. His work was highly respected and he eventually ended up on television, becoming a successful actor as well. Knowing the importance of education, the former high school dropout/ G. E. D. recipient, returned to school after serving in the US Navy and obtained a degree from Temple University. He later earned a Masters/ PhD. in Education from the University of Massachusetts. Wanting to bring the focus of children and education to television, Dr. Cosby became involved with the PBS series â€Å"The Electric Company† and created the cartoon series â€Å"Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids. † Both shows focused on the value of education for children and young adults. He produced and starred in one of the most popular and successful television sitcoms in the 1980’s â€Å"The Cosby Show. † It was the first television show to portray an upper middle class African American family. â€Å"The Cosby show drew audiences with its warm humor and believable (family) situations. Dr. Heathcliff Huxtable became one of the most popular dads in television history. He also served as a parental figure to his young co-stars on set. † (â€Å"Bill Cosby biography,† 2011). An advocate for education, Bill continues to support universities, donating to Spellman College, in Atlanta, and huge amounts of money to various charities across the U. S. He continues to teach kids through television with the children’s cartoon series â€Å"Little Bill. † Dr. Cosby is passionate about creating positive family values in America. â€Å"In 2004 Cosby roiled the racial waters when he blasted the pathology of Black families at an NAACP dinner in Washington, D. C. The iconic comedian stunned the nation with a bitter diatribe against low-income African-American families. Come on People, 2007, (a book discussing his outburst in 2004) has replaced Cosby’s vitriolic speechifying with firm but loving essays that urge Blacks to eschew their pathological embrace of victimization and despair. (Washington, Laura, 2007). Cosby’s view on ethics, family value, knowledge and reality express that he supports a Christian Worldview. My family watched â€Å"The Cosby Show† and although it was entertaining, it also taught family values and how to handle conflict and disagreement between siblings and parents. While relig ion wasn’t stressed on the show, the family often attended church services and spoke of family traditions, ethics and right versus wrong according to Christian views. â€Å"I have no problem with Jesus or God. I have a problem with people sitting there and saying that Jesus and God will find the way. I have a problem with Christian men who won’t dress up and go down and confront the drug dealers. † (Schwartzman, Paul, 2006). Bill Cosby is a comedic legend, a movie star, an educator and positive role model. His wholesome family image has even garnered him the title â€Å"Americas Dad. † References 1. (2001). Bill Cosby biography. (2011). [Print Photo]. Retrieved from www. biography. com/people/bill-cosby9258468. 2. Washington, Laura S. (2007). Come on People! Bill Cosby is right. These Times, 31 (12), 17. 3. Schwartzman, Paul. (2006, May 17). Cosby scolds idle churchgoers. The Washington Post.